Physics Syllabus

Unit 1: Physics and Measurement+

Units of measurements
System of Units
SI Units
Fundamental and derived units
Least count
Significant figures
Errors in measurements
Dimensions of physical quantities
Dimensional analysis and its applications

Unit 2: Kinematics+

The frame of reference
Motion in a straight line
Position-time graph
Speed and velocity
Uniform and non-uniform motion
Average speed and instantaneous velocity
Uniformly accelerated motion
Velocity-time graph
Relations for uniformly accelerated motion
Scalars and Vectors
Vector addition and subtraction
Scalar and vector products
Unit vector
Resolution of a vector
Relative velocity
Motion in a plane
Projectile motion
Uniform circular motion

Unit 3: Laws of Motion+

Force and inertia
Newton's First Law of Motion
Momentum
Newton's Second Law of Motion
Impulses: Newton's Third Law of Motion
Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications
Equilibrium of concurrent forces
Static and kinetic friction
Laws of friction
Rolling friction
Dynamics of uniform circular motion
Centripetal force and its applications: vehicle on a level circular road
Centripetal force and its applications: vehicle on a banked road

Unit 4: Work, Energy, and Power+

Work done by a constant force and a variable force
Kinetic and potential energies
Work-energy theorem
Power
The potential energy of a spring
Conservation of mechanical energy
Conservative and non-conservative forces
Motion in a vertical circle
Elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions

Unit 5: Rotational Motion+

Centre of the mass of a two-particle system
Centre of the mass of a rigid body
Basic concepts of rotational motion
Moment of a force and torque
Angular momentum
Conservation of angular momentum and its applications
The moment of inertia
The radius of gyration
Values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects
Parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications
Equilibrium of rigid bodies
Rigid body rotation and equations of rotational motion
Comparison of linear and rotational motions

Unit 6: Gravitation+

The universal law of gravitation
Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth
Kepler's law of planetary motion
Gravitational potential energy and gravitational potential
Escape velocity
Motion of a satellite
Orbital velocity
Time period and energy of a satellite

Unit 7: Properties of Solids and Liquids+

Elastic behavior and Stress-strain relationship
Hooke's Law
Young's modulus
Bulk modulus
Modulus of rigidity
Pressure due to a fluid column and Pascal's law and its applications
Effect of gravity on fluid pressure
Viscosity and Stokes' law
Terminal velocity, streamline, and turbulent flow, critical velocity
Bernoulli's principle and its applications
Surface energy and surface tension
Angle of contact and excess of pressure across a curved surface
Application of surface tension - drops, bubbles, and capillary rise
Heat, temperature, thermal expansion
Specific heat capacity and calorimetry
Change of state and latent heat
Heat transfer conduction, convection, and radiation

Unit 8: Thermodynamics+

Thermal equilibrium and the zeroth law of thermodynamics
The concept of temperature
Heat, work, and internal energy
The first law of thermodynamics
Isothermal and adiabatic processes
The second law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes

Unit 9: Kinetic Theory of Gases+

Equation of state of a perfect gas
Work done on compressing a gas
Kinetic theory of gases - assumptions
The concept of pressure
Kinetic interpretation of temperature: RMS speed of gas molecules
Degrees of freedom
Law of equipartition of energy and applications to specific heat capacities of gases
Mean free path
Avogadro's number

Unit 10: Oscillations and Waves+

Oscillations and periodic motion - time period, frequency, displacement as a function of time
Periodic functions
Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation; phase
Oscillations of a spring - restoring force and force constant
Energy in S.H.M. - Kinetic and potential energies
Simple pendulum - derivation of expression for its time period
Wave motion
Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of travelling wave
Displacement relation for a progressive wave
Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves
Standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics - Beats

Unit 11: Electrostatics+

Electric charges: Conservation of charge
Coulomb's law: forces between two point charges
Forces between multiple charges: superposition principle and continuous charge distribution
Electric field: Electric field due to a point charge, Electric field lines
Electric dipole: Electric field due to a dipole
Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field
Electric flux; Gauss's law and its applications to find field due to infinitely long uniformly charged straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet, and uniformly charged thin spherical shell
Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge, electric dipole, and system of charges
Potential difference, Equipotential surfaces
Electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field
Conductors and insulators
Dielectrics and electric polarization
Capacitors and capacitances, the combination of capacitors in series and parallel
Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates
Energy stored in a capacitor

Unit 12: Current Electricity+

Electric current, Drift velocity, mobility and their relation with electric current
Ohm's law
Electrical resistance
V-I characteristics of ohmic and non-ohmic conductors
Electrical energy and power
Electrical resistivity and conductivity
Series and parallel combinations of resistors
Temperature dependence of resistance
Internal resistance, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and parallel
Kirchhoff's laws and their applications
Wheatstone bridge
Metre Bridge

Unit 13: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism+

Biot-Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop
Ampere's law and its applications to infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid
Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields
Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field
The force between two parallel current-carrying conductors - definition of ampere
Torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field
Moving coil galvanometer, its sensitivity, and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter
Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment
Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid
Magnetic field lines; Magnetic field due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis
Torque on a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field
Para, dia- and ferromagnetic substances with examples; effect of temperature on magnetic properties

Unit 14: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents+

Electromagnetic induction: Faraday's law
Induced emf and current: Lenz's Law, Eddy currents
Self and mutual inductance
Alternating currents: peak and RMS value of alternating current/voltage
Reactance and impedance
LCR series circuit
Resonance: power in AC circuits, wattless current
AC generator and transformer

Unit 15: Electromagnetic Waves+

Displacement current
Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics
Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves
Electromagnetic spectrum: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma rays
Applications of e.m. waves

Unit 16: Optics+

Reflection of light
Spherical mirrors, mirror formula
Refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces
Thin lens formula and lens maker formula
Total internal reflection and its applications
Magnification
Power of a lens
Combination of thin lenses in contact
Refraction of light through a prism
Microscope and astronomical telescope (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers
Wave optics: wave front and Huygens' principle
Laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens' principle
Interference, Young's double-slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources, and sustained interference of light
Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum
Polarization, plane-polarized light: Brewster's law, uses of plane-polarized light and Polaroid

Unit 17: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation+

Dual nature of radiation
Photoelectric effect
Hertz and Lenard's observations
Einstein's photoelectric equation: particle nature of light
Matter waves: wave nature of particle
de Broglie relation

Unit 18: Atoms and Nuclei+

Alpha-particle scattering experiment
Rutherford's model of atom
Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum
Composition and size of nucleus
Atomic masses
Mass-energy relation, mass defect
Binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number
Nuclear fission and fusion

Unit 19: Electronic Devices+

Semiconductors
Semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias
Diode as a rectifier
I-V characteristics of LED
Photodiode
Solar cell
Zener diode
Zener diode as a voltage regulator
Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND, NOR)

Unit 20: Experimental Skills+

Vernier calipers - its use to measure the internal and external diameter and depth of a vessel
Screw gauge - its use to determine thickness and diameter of thin sheet/wire
Simple pendulum - dissipation of energy by plotting a graph between the square of amplitude and time
Metre Scale - the mass of a given object by the principle of moments
Young's modulus of elasticity of the material of a metallic wire
Surface tension of water by capillary rise and effect of detergents
Coefficient of viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring terminal velocity of a given spherical body
Speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube
Specific heat capacity of a given solid by method of mixtures
Specific heat capacity of a given liquid by method of mixtures
The resistivity of the material of a given wire using a metre bridge
The resistance of a given wire using Ohm's law
Resistance and figure of merit of a galvanometer by half deflection method
The focal length of a convex mirror using the parallax method
The focal length of a concave mirror using the parallax method
The focal length of a convex lens using the parallax method
The plot of the angle of deviation vs angle of incidence for a triangular prism
Refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope
Characteristic curves of a p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias
Characteristic curves of a Zener diode and finding reverse breakdown voltage
Identification of Diode, LED, Resistor, and Capacitor from a mixed collection of such items

Chemistry Syllabus

Unit 1: Some Basic Concepts In Chemistry+

Matter and its nature
Dalton's atomic theory: Concept of atom, molecule, element, and compound
Laws of chemical combination
Atomic and molecular masses
Mole concept
Molar mass
Percentage composition
Empirical and molecular formulae
Chemical equations and stoichiometry

Unit 2: Atomic Structure+

Nature of electromagnetic radiation
Photoelectric effect
Spectrum of the hydrogen atom
Bohr model of a hydrogen atom - its postulates
Derivation of the relations for the energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits
Limitations of Bohr's model
Dual nature of matter
de Broglie's relationship
Heisenberg uncertainty principle
Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanical model of the atom and its important features
Concept of atomic orbitals as one-electron wave functions
Variation of Psi and Psi� with r for 1s and 2s orbitals
Various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum, and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance
Shapes of s, p, and d orbitals
Electron spin and spin quantum number
Rules for filling electrons in orbitals - Aufbau principle
Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule
Electronic configuration of elements
Extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals

Unit 3: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure+

Kossel-Lewis approach to chemical bond formation
The concept of ionic and covalent bonds
Formation of ionic bonds
Factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds
Calculation of lattice enthalpy
Concept of electronegativity
Fajan's rule
Dipole moment
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules
Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding
Valence bond theory - its important features
Concept of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals
Resonance
Molecular Orbital Theory - Its important features
LCAOs
Types of molecular orbitals (bonding, anti-bonding)
Sigma and pi-bonds
Molecular orbital electronic configurations of homo-nuclear diatomic molecules
Concept of bond order, bond length, and bond energy
Elementary idea of metallic bonding
Hydrogen bonding and its applications

Unit 4: Chemical Thermodynamics+

Fundamentals of thermodynamics: system and surroundings
Extensive and intensive properties
State functions
Types of processes
The first law of thermodynamics - concept of work, heat, internal energy and enthalpy
Heat capacity and molar heat capacity
Hess's law of constant heat summation
Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation
Phase transition, hydration, ionization, and solution enthalpies
The second law of thermodynamics - Spontaneity of processes
?S of the universe and ?S of the system as criteria for spontaneity
Standard Gibbs energy change (?G�) and equilibrium constant

Unit 5: Solutions+

Different methods for expressing the concentration of solutions - molality, molarity, mole fraction
Percentage concentration by volume and mass
Vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult's law
Ideal and non-ideal solutions
Vapour pressure-composition plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions
Colligative properties of dilute solutions - relative lowering of vapour pressure
Depression of freezing point
Elevation of boiling point
Osmotic pressure
Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties
Abnormal molar mass and van't Hoff factor
Significance of the van't Hoff factor

Unit 6: Equilibrium+

Meaning of equilibrium, concept of dynamic equilibrium
Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid-liquid, liquid-gas, and solid-gas equilibria
Henry's law and general characteristics of equilibrium in physical processes
Equilibrium involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium
Equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance
Significance of ?G and ?S in chemical equilibrium
Factors affecting equilibrium: concentration, pressure, temperature
Effect of catalysts on equilibrium
Le Chatelier's principle

Unit 7: Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry+

Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction
Redox reactions
Oxidation number
Rules for assigning oxidation number
Balancing of redox reactions
Electrolytic and metallic conduction
Conductance in electrolytic solutions, molar conductivities and their variation with concentration
Kohlrausch's law and its applications
Electrochemical cells - Electrolytic and Galvanic cells
Different types of electrodes, electrode potentials including standard electrode potential
Half-cell and cell reactions
EMF of a Galvanic cell and its measurement
Nernst equation and its applications
Relationship between cell potential and Gibbs energy change
Dry cell and lead accumulator
Fuel cells

Unit 8: Chemical Kinetics+

Rate of a chemical reaction
Factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration, temperature, pressure, and catalyst
Elementary and complex reactions
Order and molecularity of reactions
Rate law, rate constant and its units
Differential and integral forms of zero and first-order reactions
Characteristics and half-lives of reactions
Effect of temperature on the rate of reactions
Arrhenius theory and activation energy
Calculation of activation energy
Collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation)

Unit 9: Classification Of Elements And Periodicity In Properties+

Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table
s, p, d, and f block elements - periodic trends in properties of elements: atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states, chemical reactivity

Unit 10: P-Block Elements+

Group -13 to Group 18 Elements
General Introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups; unique behavior of the first element in each group

Unit 11: d- and f- Block Elements+

Transition Elements: General introduction and trends in physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, and complex formation; Uses of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.
Inner Transition Elements: Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration and oxidation states.
Actinoids - Electronic configuration and oxidation states.

Unit 12: Co-Ordination Compounds+

Introduction to coordination compounds, Werner�s theory, ligands, coordination number, denticity, and chelation.
IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds and isomerism.
Bonding: Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal Field Theory.
Colour and magnetic properties of coordination compounds.
Importance of coordination compounds in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals, and biological systems.

Unit 13: Purification and Characterisation of Organic Compounds+

Purification � Crystallization
Sublimation
Distillation
Differential Extraction
Chromatography - Principles and Their Applications
Qualitative Analysis - Detection of Nitrogen, Sulphur, Phosphorus, and Halogens
Quantitative Analysis (Basic Principles Only) - Estimation of Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Halogens, Sulphur, Phosphorus
Calculations of Empirical Formulae and Molecular Formulae; Numerical Problems in Organic Quantitative Analysis

Unit 14: Some Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry+

Tetravalency of Carbon: Shapes of Simple Molecules - Hybridization (s and p); Classification of Organic Compounds Based on Functional Groups, and Those Containing Halogens, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulphur; Homologous Series; Isomerism - Structural and Stereoisomerism.
Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC)
Covalent Bond Fission - Homolytic and Heterolytic; Free Radicals, Carbocations, and Carbanions; Stability of Carbocations and Free Radicals, Electrophiles, and Nucleophiles
Electronic Displacement in a Covalent Bond
Inductive Effect, Electromeric Effect, Resonance, and Hyperconjugation
Common Types of Organic Reactions - Substitution, Addition, Elimination, and Rearrangement

Unit 15: Hydrocarbons+

Classification, Isomerism, IUPAC Nomenclature, General Methods of Preparation, Properties, and Reactions
Alkanes - Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman Projections (of Ethane); Mechanism of Halogenation of Alkanes
Alkenes - Geometrical Isomerism; Mechanism of Electrophilic Addition; Addition of Hydrogen, Halogens, Water, Hydrogen Halides (Markownikoff�s and Peroxide Effect); Ozonolysis and Polymerization
Alkynes - Acidic Character; Addition of Hydrogen, Halogens, Water, and Hydrogen Halides; Polymerization
Aromatic Hydrocarbons - Nomenclature, Benzene: Structure and Aromaticity; Mechanism of Electrophilic Substitution - Halogenation, Nitration
Friedel-Crafts Alkylation and Acylation; Directive Influence of Functional Groups in Mono-Substituted Benzene

Unit 16: Organic Compounds Containing Halogens+

General Methods of Preparation, Properties, and Reactions; Nature of C-X Bond; Mechanisms of Substitution Reactions
Uses; Environmental Effects of Chloroform, Iodoform, Freons, and DDT

Unit 17: Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen+

General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses.
Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration.
Phenols: Acidic nature; electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation, nitration, and sulphonation; Reimer-Tiemann reaction.
Ethers: Structure.
Aldehydes and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group; Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group; relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones; Important reactions such as - Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN, NH3 and its derivatives), Grignard reagent; oxidation: reduction (Wolf-Kishner and Clemmensen); acidity of alpha-hydrogen; aldol condensation; Cannizzaro reaction; Haloform reaction; Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones.
Carboxylic Acids: Acidic strength and factors affecting it.

Unit 18: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen+

General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses.
Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, basic character, and identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines and their basic character.
Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

Unit 19: Biomolecules+

General introduction and importance of biomolecules.
Carbohydrates - classification; aldoses and ketoses: monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, and maltose).
Proteins - Elementary idea of alpha -amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides. Proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes.
Vitamins � Classification and functions.
Nucleic Acids - Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA.
Biological functions of nucleic acids.
Hormones (General introduction).

Unit 20: Principles Related To Practical Chemistry+

Detection of extra elements (Nitrogen, Sulphur, halogens) in organic compounds; Detection of functional groups: hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketones), carboxyl, and amino groups in organic compounds.
The chemistry involved in the preparation of inorganic compounds: Mohr's salt, potash alum.
The chemistry involved in the preparation of organic compounds: Acetanilide, p-nitro acetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform.
The chemistry involved in titrimetric exercises - Acids, bases, and the use of indicators. Oxalic acid vs Potassium Permanganate.
Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis: Cations (Pb�?, Cu�?, Al�?, Fe�?, Zn�?, Ni�?, Co�?, Ba�?, Mg�?, NH??); Anions (CO?�?, S�?, SO?�?, NO??, NO??, Cl?, Br?, I?) - insoluble salts excluded.
Chemical principles involved in the following experiments:
1. Enthalpy of solution of CuSO?.
2. Enthalpy of neutralization of a strong acid and strong base.
3. Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols.
4. Kinetic study of the reaction between iodide ions and hydrogen peroxide at room temperature.

Biology Syllabus

Unit 1: Diversity in Living World +

What is living?; Biodiversity; Need for classification; Taxonomy & Systematics; Concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; Binomial nomenclature;
Five kingdom classification: salient features and classification of Monera; Protista and Fungi into major groups; Lichens; Viruses and Viroids.
Salient features and classification of plants into major groups - Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms (three to five salient and distinguishing features and at least two examples of each category);
Salient features and classification of animals - nonchordates up to phyla level and chordates up to classes level (three to five salient features and at least two examples).

Unit 2: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants +

Morphology and modifications
Tissues
Anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants: Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence - cymose and racemose, flower, fruit, and seed (To be dealt along with the relevant practical of the Practical Syllabus)
Family (Malvaceae, Cruciferae, Leguminosae, Compositae, Graminae)
Animal tissues
Morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous, and reproductive) of an insect (Frog). (Brief account only)

Unit 3: Cell Structure and Function +

Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life
Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell
Plant cell and animal cell
Cell envelope, cell membrane, cell wall
Cell organelles - structure and function
Endomembrane system - endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles
Mitochondria, Ribosomes, plastids, micro bodies
Cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles (ultra structure and function)
Nucleus - nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleolus
Chemical constituents of living cells: Biomolecules - structure and function of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids
Enzymes - types, properties, enzyme action, classification and nomenclature of enzymes

Unit 4: Plant Physiology +

Photosynthesis: Autotrophic nutrition and site of photosynthesis
Pigments involved in photosynthesis (Elementary idea)
Photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis
Cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation
Chemiosmotic hypothesis
Photorespiration, C3 and C4 pathways
Factors affecting photosynthesis
Respiration: Exchange of gases and cellular respiration
Glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle, and electron transport system (aerobic)
Energy relations - Number of ATP molecules generated
Amphibolic pathways and respiratory quotient
Plant growth and development: Seed germination and growth phases
Conditions of growth and plant growth rate
Differentiation, dedifferentiation, and redifferentiation
Sequence of developmental processes in a plant cell
Growth regulators - auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, and ABA

Unit 5: Human Physiology +

Breathing and Respiration: Respiratory organs in animals (recall only)
Respiratory system in humans; Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans
Exchange of gases, transport of gases, and regulation of respiration; Respiratory volumes
Disorders related to respiration: Asthma, Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorders
Body fluids and circulation: Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood
Composition of lymph and its function
Human circulatory system - Structure of human heart and blood vessels
Cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG, and double circulation
Regulation of cardiac activity; Disorders of circulatory system - Hypertension, Coronary artery disease, Angina pectoris, Heart failure
Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion - Ammonotelism, Ureotelism, Uricotelism
Human excretory system - Structure and function; Urine formation, Osmoregulation
Regulation of kidney function - Renin-angiotensin, Atrial Natriuretic Factor, ADH, and Diabetes insipidus
Role of other organs in excretion; Disorders - Uremia, Renal failure, Renal calculi, Nephritis; Dialysis and artificial kidney
Locomotion and Movement: Types of movement - ciliary, flagella, muscular
Skeletal muscle - contractile proteins and muscle contraction
Skeletal system and its functions (related practical syllabus); Joints
Disorders of muscular and skeletal system - Myasthenia gravis, Tetany, Muscular dystrophy, Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout
Neural control and coordination: Neuron and nerves; Nervous system in humans - central, peripheral, and visceral nervous systems
Generation and conduction of nerve impulse
Chemical coordination and regulation: Endocrine glands and hormones
Human endocrine system - Hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, Thyroid, parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads
Mechanism of hormone action (elementary idea); Role of hormones as messengers and regulators
Hypo-and hyperactivity and related disorders: Dwarfism, Acromegaly, Cretinism, Goiter, Exophthalmic goitre, Diabetes, Addison's disease

Unit 6: Reproduction +

Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure
Development of male and female gametophytes
Pollination - types, agencies, and examples
Out breeding devices; Pollen-Pistil interaction
Double fertilization
Post fertilization events - Development of endosperm and embryo
Development of seed and formation of fruit
Special modes - apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony
Significance of seed and fruit formation
Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems
Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary
Gametogenesis - spermatogenesis & oogenesis
Menstrual cycle
Fertilization, embryo development up to blastocyst formation, implantation
Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea)
Parturition (Elementary idea)
Lactation (Elementary idea)
Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD)
Birth control - Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)
Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies - IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness)

Unit 7: Genetics and Evolution +

Heredity and variation: Mendelian inheritance
Deviations from Mendelism - Incomplete dominance, Co-dominance, Multiple alleles, and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy
Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance
Chromosome theory of inheritance; Chromosomes and genes
Sex determination - in humans, birds, honey bee
Linkage and crossing over; Sex-linked inheritance - Haemophilia, colour blindness
Mendelian disorders in humans - Thalassemia
Chromosomal disorders in humans - Down's syndrome, Turner's and Klinefelter's syndromes
Molecular basis of Inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material
Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging
DNA replication; Central dogma; Transcription, genetic code, translation
Gene expression and regulation - Lac Operon
Genome and human genome project; DNA fingerprinting, protein biosynthesis
Evolution: Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences from Paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology, and molecular evidence
Darwin�s contribution; Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution
Mechanism of evolution - Variation (Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples
Types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift
Hardy-Weinberg's principle; Adaptive Radiation; Human evolution

Unit 8: Biology and Human Welfare +

Health and Disease; Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis, Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ringworm, dengue, chikungunya)
Basic concepts of immunology - vaccines
Cancer, HIV, and AIDS
Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse
Tobacco abuse
Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation, and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers

Unit 9: Biotechnology and its Applications +

Principles and process of Biotechnology: Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology)
Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, gene therapy
Genetically modified organisms - Bt crops
Transgenic Animals
Bio safety issues - Bio piracy and patents

Unit 10: Ecology and Environment +

Organisms and environment: Population interactions - mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism
Population attributes - growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution
Ecosystem: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; Energy flow; Pyramids of number, biomass, Energy
Biodiversity and its conservation: concept of Biodiversity; patterns of Biodiversity
Importance of Biodiversity; Loss of Biodiversity
Biodiversity conservation; Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction
Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, National parks and sanctuaries, Sacred Groves